El Dr. Helmenstine tiene un Ph. D. en ciencias biomédicas y es escritor, educador y consultor científico. Ella ha impartido cursos de ciencias en la escuela secundaria, la universidad y los niveles de posgrado.
| Número |
Elemento |
Valencia |
| 1 |
Hidrógeno |
(-1), +1 |
| 2 |
Helio |
0 |
| 3 |
Litio |
+1 |
| 4 |
Berilio |
+2 |
| 5 |
Boro |
-3, +3 |
| 6 |
Carbón |
(+2), +4 |
| 7 |
Nitrógeno |
-3, -2, -1, (+1), +2, +3, +4, +5 |
| 8 |
Oxígeno |
-2 |
| 9 |
Flúor |
-1, (+1) |
| 10 |
Neón |
0 |
| 11 |
Sodio |
+1 |
| 12 |
Magnesio |
+2 |
| 13 |
Aluminio |
+3 |
| 14 |
Silicio |
-4, (+2), +4 |
| 15 |
Fósforo |
-3, +1, +3, +5 |
| 16 |
Azufre |
-2, +2, +4, +6 |
| 17 |
Cloro |
-1, +1, (+2), +3, (+4), +5, +7 |
| 18 |
Argón |
0 |
| 19 |
Potasio |
+1 |
| 20 |
Calcio |
+2 |
| 21 |
Escandio |
+3 |
| 22 |
Titanio |
+2, +3, +4 |
| 23 |
Vanadio |
+2, +3, +4, +5 |
| 24 |
Cromo |
+2, +3, +6 |
| 25 |
Manganeso |
+2, (+3), +4, (+6), +7 |
| 26 |
Hierro |
+2, +3, (+4), (+6) |
| 27 |
Cobalto |
+2, +3, (+4) |
| 28 |
Níquel |
(+1), +2, (+3), (+4) |
| 29 |
Cobre |
+1, +2, (+3) |
| 30 |
Zinc |
+2 |
| 31 |
Galio |
(+2). +3 |
| 32 |
Germanio |
-4, +2, +4 |
| 33 |
Arsénico |
-3, (+2), +3, +5 |
| 34 |
Selenio |
-2, (+2), +4, +6 |
| 35 |
Bromo |
-1, +1, (+3), (+4), +5 |
| 36 |
Criptón |
0 |
| 37 |
Rubidio |
+1 |
| 38 |
Estroncio |
+2 |
| 39 |
Itrio |
+3 |
| 40 |
Circonio |
(+2), (+3), +4 |
| 41 |
Niobio |
(+2), +3, (+4), +5 |
| 42 |
Molibdeno |
(+2), +3, (+4), (+5), +6 |
| 43 |
Tecnecio |
+6 |
| 44 |
Rutenio |
(+2), +3, +4, (+6), (+7), +8 |
| 45 |
Rodio |
(+2), (+3), +4, (+6) |
| 46 |
Paladio |
+2, +4, (+6) |
| 47 |
Plata |
+1, (+2), (+3) |
| 48 |
Cadmio |
(+1), +2 |
| 49 |
Indio |
(+1), (+2), +3 |
| 50 |
Estaño |
+2, +4 |
| 51 |
Antimonio |
-3, +3, (+4), +5 |
| 52 |
Telurio |
-2, (+2), +4, +6 |
| 53 |
Yodo |
-1, +1, (+3), (+4), +5, +7 |
| 54 |
Xenón |
0 |
| 55 |
Cesio |
+1 |
| 56 |
Bario |
+2 |
| 57 |
Lantano |
+3 |
| 58 |
Cerio |
+3, +4 |
| 59 |
Praseodimio |
+3 |
| 60 |
Neodimio |
+3, +4 |
| 61 |
Prometeo |
+3 |
| 62 |
Samario |
(+2), +3 |
| 63 |
Europio |
(+2), +3 |
| 64 |
Gadolinio |
+3 |
| 65 |
Terbio |
+3, +4 |
| 66 |
Disprosio |
+3 |
| 67 |
Holmio |
+3 |
| 68 |
Erbio |
+3 |
| 69 |
Tulio |
(+2), +3 |
| 70 |
Iterbio |
(+2), +3 |
| 71 |
Lutecio |
+3 |
| 72 |
Hafnio |
+4 |
| 73 |
Tantalio |
(+3), (+4), +5 |
| 74 |
Tungsteno |
(+2), (+3), (+4), (+5), +6 |
| 75 |
Renio |
(-1), (+1), +2, (+3), +4, (+5), +6, +7 |
| 76 |
Osmio |
(+2), +3, +4, +6, +8 |
| 77 |
Iridio |
(+1), (+2), +3, +4, +6 |
| 78 |
Platino |
(+1), +2, (+3), +4, +6 |
| 79 |
Oro |
+1, (+2), +3 |
| 80 |
Mercurio |
+1, +2 |
| 81 |
Talio |
+1, (+2), +3 |
| 82 |
Dirigir |
+2, +4 |
| 83 |
Bismuto |
(-3), (+2), +3, (+4), (+5) |
| 84 |
Polonio |
(-2), +2, +4, (+6) |
| 85 |
Astatina |
? |
| 86 |
Radón |
0 |
| 87 |
Francio |
? |
| 88 |
Radio |
+2 |
| 89 |
Actinio |
+3 |
| 90 |
Torio |
+4 |
| 91 |
Protactinio |
+5 |
| 92 |
Uranio |
(+2), +3, +4, (+5), +6 |
Hubo un error. Inténtalo de nuevo.